President Zardari confers military awards on armed forces officers
Sitara-i-Basalt was conferred on Captain Syed Amir Raza of Pakistan Navy
16 terrorists killed while attempting to infiltrate Pak-Afghan border: ISPR
Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif praised the forces for their successful operation
Chiefs of armed forces congratulate nation on Pakistan Day
Say, “Our nation continues to progress under democracy, upholding principles of Islam”
Army officer martyred in DI Khan laid to rest with full military honours
A large number of people attended the funeral prayers and burial of the martyr.
Soldier resignation fake video exposed as AI creation
The person in the video was, in fact, a police constable
PM lauds security forces for successful operation against Khawarij
PM expressed his deep grief over the martyrdom Pakistan Army officer Captain Hasnain Akhtar
Army officer martyred, ten terrorists killed in Dera Ismail Khan IBO
During the operation, weapons and ammunition were also recovered from the killed khawarij.
Locals foil terrorists' bid to kidnap soldier in Tirah
The residents of the valley showed immense courage and failed the terrorists bid attempt
Inter-provincial train service from Balochistan remains suspended
Passengers complain that despite securing tickets on time, they are being denied refunds
No agenda greater than national security, says COAS Munir
The COAS urged religious scholars to expose extremists’ distorted interpretations of Islam.
No political point-scoring on terrorism, says Gohar
Chairman did not have authority to make unilateral decisions, says Barrister Gohar
President appreciates security forces for operation against Khawarij
He expressed determination to completely eradicate Fitna al-Khawarij from the country.
PM lauds security forces for successful operation against Khawarij
He lauded professional capabilities of security forces for killing three Khawarij in district Khyber
RAW behind terrorist attacks in Pakistan: Sanaullah
RAW is mother of terrorists in Pakistan: Sanaullah
Two terrorists killed in DI Khan IBO
The nation stands firmly with its security forces in the fight against extremism
Military courts should be limited to army personnel, says Hamid Khan
Hamid Khan says military courts can function only for army personnel
Security forces eliminate three terrorists in Tank IBO
Security forces eliminate three terrorists in Tank IBO
Troubled, but tough - welcome to Pakistan
Pakistan has been through many ups and downs throughout its chequered history
CJCSC, services chiefs express grief over Iftikhar Sirohey's demise
May Allah bless the departed soul, they said in a statement issued by the ISPR
Planners, facilitators of Bannu attack to be brought to justice: COAS Munir
Gen Asim Munir visited injured soldiers at CMH Bannu
Five soldiers among 18 martyred, 16 terrorists killed in Bannu Cantt attack: ISPR
Intelligence reports unequivocally confirmed physical involvement of Afghan nationals in the attack
12 civilians martyred, 6 militants killed as security forces foil attack on Bannu Cantt
Six terrorists killed as security forces foil attack on Bannu Cantt
Training is cornerstone of soldier's professional growth: COAS Asim Munir
General Munir also encouraged students to pursue academic excellence with dedication
Security forces kill six terrorists in North Waziristan IBO
The operation was conducted on the reported presence of Khwarij
CJCSC, services chiefs pay tribute to armed forces on 6th anniversary of Operation Swift Retort
Operation Swift Retort was a resolute and measured response to India’s unwarranted aggression
Security forces kill 10 terrorists in KP
sanitization operation is being conducted to eliminate any other Khawarij
Security forces kill seven terrorists in DI Khan operations
Security forces of Pakistan are determined to wipe out the menace of terrorism from the country.
Security forces eliminate six terrorists in Karak IBO
Sanitization operation is in full swing to eliminate any other terrorist
Tessori sees Indian agents, militants behind anti-army social media campaigns
Says Pakistan Army and SIFC are the institutions that can make the country stand on its feet
Security forces kill 30 terrorists in South Waziristan IBO
On 17 Feb, security forces conducted an intelligence-based operation in general area Sararogha
CJCSC Gen Sahir Shamshad meets Saudi military leadership
General Sahir Shamshad Mirza is on an official visit to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Security forces eliminate 15 terrorists, four soldiers lay down lives in KP IBOs
The terrorists were involved in numerous activities in the area
Security forces eliminate 13 terrorists in KP operations: ISPR
Sanitization operations are being conducted to eliminate any other Kharji found in the area.
COAS Munir says he hasn't received any letter
All talk about the letter is just a tactic, and he has not received any such letter.
COAS Munir to visit multiple projects of Green Pakistan initiative tomorrow
The army chief would also be accompanied by key government officials
COAS Munir hails youth's potential, stresses national unity against terrorism
The army chief encouraged students to excel academically
Barbarity, genocide in Palestine should stop: PM Shehbaz
Saudi Arabia is brotherly state, its sovereignty and integrity will never be undermined
Imran Khan plans to write another letter to COAS next week: Aleema Khan
Khan also urged Justice Yahya Afridi to uphold rule of law
Imran Khan highlights his tribulations in another missive to COAS Asim Munir
Says country's biggest political party is being targeted
Bangladeshi Naval Chief commends Pakistan Army's contributions to regional peace
He also acknowledged Pakistan armed forces’ pivotal role in fostering peace and stability in region
Maldives defence chief meets COAS Munir to discuss bilateral cooperation
The visiting dignitary lauded the Pakistan Army for its exceptional professionalism
Three terrorists killed in North Waziristan IBO: ISPR
Weapons and ammunition were recovered from the militants
CJCSC, Hungarian secretary discuss expanding mutual opportunities
During the meeting, both leaders discussed evolving regional dynamics
12 terrorists killed, soldier martyred in North Waziristan operation
Lance Naik Muhammad Ibrahim fought valiantly and was martyred.
Armed forces reaffirm unwavering support to Kashmiris
The Pakistan armed forces remain steadfast in their commitment to the just cause of Kashmir.
Army's top brass condemns blatant human rights violations in IIOJK
The prevailing situation along the Line of Control (LoC) and the working boundary was discussed.
Imran Khan pens letter to COAS Munir to 'revise policies'
PTI founder sent a six-point letter to the army chief as former prime minister and party leader.
President offers Fateha at grave of martyred Major Hamza Israr
The army officer embraced martyrdom during operation against terrorists
Armed forces prepared to defeat anti-state elements: COAS Munir
Army Chief appreciated steadfast resolve of armed forces, Frontier Corps to maintain order
Security forces neutralise three terrorists in Bannu IBO
Pakistan's security forces remain determined to eradicate terrorism
Five terrorists killed, two soldiers martyred as security forces foil attack in Qila Abdullah
Security forces of Pakistan are determined to eliminate the menace of terrorism
Navy to host 9th AMAN exercise from Feb 7
According to ISPR, the 9th international exercise “AMAN 2025” will be held from Feb 7-11.
Security forces kill six terrorists trying to infiltrate through Pak-Afghan border
Security forces of Pakistan remain committed to secure its borders
Afghan national involved in terrorism killed in Balochistan: ISPR
His body was handed over to Afghan government officials yesterday.
Security forces eliminate five terrorists in Zhob: ISPR
Pakistan's security forces remain committed to securing the country's borders
'Pakistan Zindabad Rally' held in Belgium
The participants passed a resolution reiterating the resolve to increase remittances
Security forces eliminate five terrorists in KP's Tirah Valley
ISPR added sanitisation operation being conducted to eliminate any other terrorist
22 terrorists gunned down in Khyber district IBOs: ISPR
Intelligence-based operations have been launched since December 14, 2024
Army takes exception to Indian army chief labelling Pakistan 'epicentre of terrorism'
Army takes strong exception to Indian army chief labelling Pakistan 'epicentre of terrorism'
Pakistan, Bangladesh vow to promote regional peace, stability
CJCSC reiterated that both countries share a common vision for a secure and prosperous future.
COAS Munir calls for improved relations with Afghanistan
Gen Asim Munir clarified that no large-scale operations were being conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
COAS lauds security forces for dismantling terrorist networks
COAS visited Peshawar where he was received by the Corps Commander
Pak Army inaugurates Damizer Futsal Ground in Gwadar
Gwadar Guardians Arena Futsal was already opened for public in the area
Two injured in Chaman railway station explosion
Nature of the blast remains unclear at this stage: Sources
Five terrorists killed in DI Khan operation
Weapons and ammunition were recovered from the killed militants
'Pakistan Zindabad and Pak Army Zindabad' rally held in Brussels
While waving the Pakistani flags, the participants passionately raised patriotic slogans
Soldiers martyred in Karak laid to rest with full military honours
A number of people attended the funeral prayers and burials of martyrs
19 terrorists killed, three soldiers martyred in KP operations
The operations took place on January 6th and 7th across three distinct locations in Khyber Pakhtunk
Supreme Court to hear military courts, election rigging cases
Seven-member constitutional bench, headed by Justice Aminuddin Khan, will hear cases
CJCSC visits Naval Headquarters, meets Naval Chief
Gen Sahir Shamshad appreciated role of Pakistan Navy in ensuring maritime security in the region
Major Awais Shaheed laid to rest with full military honours
A large members of people attended the funeral prayers and burial of the martyr.
Justice to remain elusive till punishment of May 9 planners: ISPR DG
He addressed press conference in Rawalpindi on Friday
Major martyred, 13 terrorists killed in KP operations
Major Mohammad Owais was martyred while bravely fighting during the intense firefight
CJCSC, service chiefs, armed forces pay homage to Quaid-e-Azam, greet Christian community
The armed forces honour the enduring vision and unparalleled leadership of Quaid-e-Azam
COAS Munir expresses resolve to eliminate terrorism
The COAS visited South Waziristan and was briefed over the security situation
Funeral prayers of martyred soldiers offered in Bannu
Peshawar Corps Commander, senior officers of the Pakistan Army, and locals attended the funeral
Military courts hand down sentences to 25 May 9 vandals: ISPR
Military courts announce convictions of 25 of those in the dock
President, PM pay tribute to Lance Naik Mahfuz on his 53rd martyrdom anniversary
They prayed to Allah Almighty for the elevation of the rank of Lance Naik Mahfuz Shaheed in paradise
Martyrdom anniversary of Lance Naik Muhammad Mehfooz being observed
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Service Chiefs, Armed Forces pay him tribute
Bahrain praises Pakistan's role in regional maritime security
Naval Chief called on the highest civil and military leadership
Pakistan army dismisses rumours of Indian army's incursion in AJK's village
Pakistan army dismisses rumours of Indian army's incursion in AJK's village
Pak-China joint exercise Warrior-VIII concludes
Commander Rawalpindi Corps Lt Gen Shahid Imtiaz graced the ceremony as chief guest
Ex-spymaster Faiz Hameed arraigned for 'political activities, abuse of power': ISPR
The Field General Court Martial process initiated on Aug 12
Anwar Maqsood denies his abduction after International Urdu Conference
Anwar Maqsood denies news of his abduction after International Urdu Conference
53rd martyrdom anniversary of Sowar Muhammad Hussain today
Sowar Muhammad Hussain embraced martyrdom in Pakistan-India war on 10 December 1971.
Funeral prayers for six martyred soldiers offered
Peshawar Corps Commander, military, civil officials and large number of people attended the funeral
53rd martyrdom anniversary of Maj Shabbir Sharif being observed today
Major Shabbir Sharif was bestowed with Nishan-e-Haider for his exceptional level of valor.
CJCSC, Services Chiefs, Armed Forces pay tribute to Major Akram Shaheed
Armed Forces of Pakistan paid tribute to Major Akram Shaheed on his 53rd martyrdom anniversary.
Martyrdom anniversary of Maj Muhammad Akram Shaheed being observed today
Major Muhammad Akram embraced martyrdom in the battle of Hilli during 1971 war.
Eight terrorists killed, two soldiers martyred in KP operations: ISPR
The terrorists were involved in multiple attacks targeting security forces and innocent civilians.
COAS reviews Pak-China joint exercise 'Warrior-VIII' in Pabbi
Gen Asim Munir appreciated the professionalism and high morale of participants
Funeral prayers of three security personnel offered in Rawalpindi
Bodies of martyred sent to their native areas
Infiltration attempt foiled, three terrorists killed in North Waziristan
Pakistan has consistently urged Afghan govt to ensure effective border management on their side
Army deployed in Islamabad with orders to 'shoot miscreants'
Security forces have been given clear instructions to shoot anyone spreading chaos on the spot
Funeral prayer for martyred constable Mubashar Bilal offered
Interior Minister, IG Punjab, senior police, military officials attended
IDEAS 2024 event held at Nishan-e-Pakistan
The event featured joint counter-terrorism demos by the armed forces
Warrior-VIII: Pak-China joint anti-terrorism exercise kicks off
The exercise is aimed at refining professional skills through joint training
Martyred Pakistan army Major, Havaldar laid to rest with full military honours
A large members of people attended the funeral prayers and burials of the martyrs.
Funeral prayers for martyred Major Haseeb offered
Army Chief Asim Munir, military, civil officials, family members attended the funeral
Four terrorists killed in North Waziristan: ISPR
Sanitisation operations are being conducted to eliminate terrorists found in the area: ISPR
Freelancing hub established in Gupis by Pak Army, SCO for youth empowerment
The school's principal praised the initiative.
Six extremists killed in security forces' operation in North Waziristan
The operation was launched in the Spin Wam area of North Waziristan based on intelligence reports
Soldiers martyred in South Waziristan laid to rest with full military honour
A large number of people attended the funeral prayers and burials of the martyrs.
Regional peace not possible without resolving Kashmir dispute: CJCSC
He said armed forces will pursue enhancing arms capability to deter any aggression at all costs.
COAS Munir, Saudi Crown Prince MBS discuss bilateral cooperation
The Crown Prince extended a warm welcome to the Army Chief upon his arrival at the Royal Palace.
Terrorist killed, ammunition recovered: ISPR
Sanitization operation is being conducted to eliminate any other terrorists found in the area.
Security forces eliminate six terrorists in KP operations
Security forces eliminate six terrorists in KP operations
Army officer, two soldiers martyred in Bannu laid to rest
A large number of people participated in the funeral and burial services
President, PM pay tribute to martyrs of attack in Bannu
According to ISPR, a major and two soldiers embraced martyrdom in Bannu operation
Major along with two soldiers martyred, eight terrorists killed in Bannu operation
The operation was led by Major Atif Khalil, who, along with two soldiers, was martyred in the fierce
Security forces kill terrorist in Zhob operation
Security forces remain determined to thwart attempts at sabotage peace in the country, says ISPR
CJCSC calls on civil-military leadership of Azerbaijan
Both sides appreciated deep and historic relations between the two countries
Punjab Assembly passes resolution to pay tribute to armed forces
It cited Jinnah that determination of forces not merely arms needed to defend country
PM Shehbaz reiterates resolve to eliminate terrorism
Entire nation stands united with the Pakistan's armed forces: Shehbaz Sharif
Pakistan-South Africa joint exercise 'Iqbal-I' concludes in Cherat
The troop displayed highest standards of professional excellence
Security forces eliminate four terrorists in KP IBOs: ISPR
ISPR said sanitisation operations were ongoing to “eliminate any other khariji in the area
Centcom journal heaps praise on COAS Munir's leadership
The journal acknowledges the professional as well as leadership roles of COAS
Nine terrorists including high-value target killed in Bajaur IBO
Huge cache of weapons, ammunition and explosives also recovered from terrorists
COAS visits operational air base of PAF to witness multinational exercise Indus Shield-2024
The exercise motto is “Stronger When Together” aims to strengthen interoperability
Passing-out parade of 150th PMA long course held at Kakul
CJCSC Gen Sahir Shamshad Mirza attended the ceremony as chief guest
China praises counter-terrorism efforts of Pakistan Army
Chinese Premier Li Qiang held a significant meeting with Pakistani military officials
Pakistan Army Cambrian Team wins gold in UK
67 Punjab Regiment won the gold medal by securing highest ever 864 points in the competition
Punjab govt requests military assistance to ensure law and order
The armed forces will have the powers to detain individuals in the absence of police.
Lt Col, five soldiers lay down their lives in clash with terrorists in North Waziristan
Lt Col Muhammad Ali Shaukat was leading the operation against Khawarij terrorists
Military deployment complete around Islamabad ahead of SCO meeting
Pakistan Army troops were now in control of D-Chowk
Army takes over security duties in Islamabad
The army has begun patrolling across the area to ensure the safety of citizens
ISI DG Lt Gen Asim Malik takes charge
He is recognised as one of the most capable commanders in the Pakistan Army
COAS Munir says resolving traders issues top priority
COAS Munir says resolving traders issues top priority
Eight terrorists gunned down in North Waziristan IBO
Weapons and ammunition were also recovered from the militants
12 terrorists killed, six soldiers martyred in Waziristan encounters
Seven terrorists were killed while trying to infiltrate Pak-Afghan border on Sept 19
Pakistani women peacekeepers recognised for their professionalism
Their profound role in peacekeeping has been acknowledged by commanders
Armed forces pay tribute to Major Aziz Bhatti Shaheed on martyrdom day
Major Aziz Bhatti, a shining symbol of courage and bravery, laid down his life during the 1965 War
PTI making attempts to initiate backdoor talks with army: Vawda
PTI making attempts behind closed doors to talk with army: Faisal Vawda
16 Afghan Taliban killed as Pakistan Army repulses cross border attack
Two Afghan Taliban tanks were also destroyed in the action
Security forces kill four terrorists, foil attack on FC headquarters in Mohmand
A sanitisation operation was launched to eliminate any other Khwarij found in area
Services Chiefs, armed forces pay homage to martyrs of Sept 6, 1965
Armed forces reaffirmed their unwavering commitment to defend the country against all threats
Nation celebrates Defence and Martyrs Day with patriotic spirit
Armed forces foiled the nefarious designs of the enemy on this day
Govt to grant special powers to military in Balochistan amid security concerns
The federal cabinet has approved amendments to the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997
PM Shehbaz attends concluding session of Army War Games in Rawalpindi
Expresses complete satisfaction on army's operational preparedness
Military's top brass vows not to let hard-earned successes be reversed
COAS Asim Munir presides over Corps Commanders' Conference at GHQ
Grand national dialogue necessary to lower political temperature: Fawad
Says country couldn't run sans PTI founder
Safe, unconditional release of Lt Col, three relatives secured: ISPR
The military media wing says tribal elders, local notables played role in their release
Security forces kill 12 militants in Tirah Vally IBO: ISPR
Intelligence-based operations will continue until peace is restored in the area
Cabinet approves Rs20b for Operation Azm-e-Istehkam
Cabinet also approved Rs 2 billion for FC Balochistan to secure Reko Diq project
Funeral prayers for martyrs held at Quetta FC headquarters
The bodies of the martyrs were sent to their native areas
Pakistan Army rescues seven mountaineers including 3 Russians in GB
They were rescued from a height of 20,100 feet
Nation stands firmly alongside Pak Army in the battle against terrorism: Omar Ayub
Ayub extended his heartfelt condolences to the families of the martyrs, sharing in their sorrow.
Funeral prayers held for soldiers martyred in Bajaur
Local residents, civilians, senior officers and personnel of Pakistan army attended the funerals
Iraq praises armed forces' role in fight against terrorism
Secretary Defence of Iraq calls on Gen Sahir Shamshad Mirza
President, PM pay tributes to martyred soldiers in Bajaur
Say security forces successfully thwarted terrorists’ infiltration attempt
Tarar accuses PTI of doing anti-state acts
Alliance of retired Gen Faiz and former PM Imran Khan also tried to create division in army
US states arrests of senior Pakistani military officers as internal matter
Singh emphasised that the US adheres to principles of neutrality regarding the internal affairs
Security forces kill three terrorists in North Waziristan operation
The operation was conducted in Razmak area on reported presence of terrorists
PTI has nothing to do with arrests of former army officers: Gohar
Gohar clarified he has not accepted resignation of PTI Punjab president Hammad Azhar
COAS hosts ceremony to honour Olympic star Arshad Nadeem
Army Chief recognises Arshad Nadeem's achievement as a national pride
Security forces kill seven terrorists in Kurram IBO
The militant’s hideout was also busted and a large quantity of weapons was recovered
Every institution should begin self-accountability process: Tarar
Faiz Hameed and PTI founder were in contact, says Ata Tarar
Army chief warns of attempts to create rift between public and armed forces
Gen Munir hosts reception in the honour of retired military officers on Independence Day
COAS Munir's statement reflects his thoughts: Chaudhry Shujaat
Names of martyred should be displayed on the highways, demands PML-Q chief
Armed Forces, CJCSC and Service Chiefs extend Independence Day greetings
The armed forces payed tribute to those who contributed to Pakistan's struggle.
COAS vows to defend country against internal, external threats
He states that Pakistan stands ready to give swift and severe response to any aggression
One killed, six injured in bomb blast in Quetta's Liaquat Bazaar
The nearby buildings were shaken by the severity of the incident
President Zardari visits family of Lt Uzair Mehmood to offer condolence
Zardari paid tribute to Lt Uzair Mehmood for sacrificing his life for the country
Lieutenant Uzair Malik laid to rest with full military honours
Uzair Malik has been laid to rest with full military honours in his native area.
Funeral prayer of Lt Uzair Mehmood offered
Corps commander Peshawar and family members attended the funeral
Army officer embraces martyrdom after being wounded in Tirah Valley
Uzair Mehmood fought bravely and sent four Khawarij to hell
UK commends Pakistan's counter-terrorism, peace efforts
The British military leadership lauded the professionalism of Pakistan armed forces
Tirah Valley operations: Naqvi pays tribute to Pakistan army's martyrs
He says the soldiers have sacrificed their today for nation's future
PM lauds army officers, jawans for operation against terrorists
PM said war against terrorism would continue till its complete eradication from country
Three soldiers martyred, four terrorists killed in Tirah Valley operations
Sanitisation operation is being conducted to eliminate any other Khwarij terrorist in the area.
CJCSC, Services Chiefs, Armed Forces pay homage to Major Tufail Shaheed
He laid down his life in 1958 while fearlessly engaging the enemy in the Lakshmipur Sector.
66th martyrdom anniversary of Major Tufail Shaheed being observed today
Major Tufail Muhammad was born in Hoshiarpur (now part of Indian Punjab) in 1914.
Punjab requests military, rangers help for peaceful Imam Hussain chehlum
Law-enforcement agencies will be deployed to ensure a peaceful Chehlum
Armed forces reaffirm unequivocal support to Kashmiris on Youm-e-Istehsal
Pakistan armed forces pay tribute to martyrs of IIOJK for their extraordinary sacrifices
Former Lt-Col Akbar Hussain court martialled for incitement to revolt
According to the ISPR, Akbar was sentenced under the Field General Court Martial
K-2 mission: Pakistan Army rescues six climbers
Climbers faced high altitude sickness at the K-2 base camp
4 terrorists killed in intelligence-based operation in Tank: ISPR
the operation took place last night on the reported presence of terrorists in the area
Armed forces pay homage to Capt Sarwar Shaheed
Capt Sarwar, the first recipient of Nishan-e-Haider, embraced martyrdom in 1948
76th martyrdom anniversary of Capt Sarwar Shaheed today
The 75th martyrdom anniversary of Captain Sarwar Shaheed is being observed today (Saturday).
Brazilian Navy's Chief of Staff calls on CJCSC Gen Sahir Shamshad
The visiting dignitary commended the professionalism of Pakistan armed forces.
Any leverage to May 9 perpetrators will further foment chaos, says ISPR DG
Says army is determined to eradicate terrorism of all hue
Martyrs in Bannu Cantt attack buried with full military honour
Pakistan vows to eradicate menace of terrorism.
2018, 2024 polls results lay bare establishment's interference in politics: Maulana Fazl
Maulana warns against chaos in KP following Operation Azm-i-Istehkam
Interior Minister Naqvi lauds security forces for thwarting Bannu terror attack
Naqvi expressed his condolences with bereaved families
President Zardari visits late Capt Osama's house
President also appreciated martyr's bravery, patriotism, services
Martyred soldiers laid to rest, inspiring resolve against terrorism
Both soldiers were martyred in Hassan Khel, Peshawar.
CJCSC holds meetings with Russian defence leadership during official visit
Both sides expressed interest in strengthening bilateral military-to-military relationship.
Govt greenlights army deployment across country for Muharram security
Army will be deployed in GB and Azad Kashmir as well
Havaldar Lalak Jan's martyrdom anniversary today
The armed forces, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Services Chiefs paid tribute to him
Military leadership rejects unwarranted criticism of Operation Azm-e-Istehkam
Pakistan Army has always been prepared to thwart all challenges: COAS
Tribute paid to Capt Karnal Sher Khan on 25th martyrdom anniversary
His exemplary leadership and unwavering courage inspire us to defend Pakistan at all costs
Terrorist commander killed in Bajaur IBO
Locals of the area appreciated the operation and expressed their full support to security forces.
