Pakistan's water crisis: Depleting snags fuel looming disaster
Pakistan
Pakistan’s water crisis: Depleting snags fuel looming disaster
ISLAMABAD (APP) - Pakistan has become too vulnerable to the disastrous issue of water shortage due to tree loss resulting in declined rainfall as the Forest Department in the north of the country is rapidly removing snags under the garb of dead, infected and dried up trees.
Senior biodiversity expert and Scientific Committee of the Islamabad Widlife Management Board Chairman Prof Dr ZB Mirza told APP on Sunday that the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department was removing snags from the forests, under a false excuse of removing the diseased, dead and dried up forest trees. He said the fact was that often the tallest trees, such as Silver Fir and Deodar, in a forest were killed by lightning of storm clouds.
“It is not understandable, how can one tallest single tree in a dense forest can suddenly die due to a disease? A dead tree is called a ‘snag’ in language of forestry. As a snag stands for years and it rots very slowly by the microbes and insects. The dead tree loses its dense canopy of leaves and the dried branches remain. The sunlight reaches the ground. This gives the opportunity to the seeds of surrounding flora to germinate around it, covering the soil,” Prof Mirza said.
Mostly, the moist temperate forests of the Himalayan slopes have snags. These stand along with live trees to protect the precious top soil of the forest from erosion.
Heavy rainfall, even cloud burst, cannot erode the soil, for the simple reason that closely-packed tree trunks, undergrowth of shrubs, bushes, herbs and densely growing long grasses do not let the rain water flow fast, at least at the floor of the forest to wash down the soil. Water may come down the slopes rushing and gushing, but it is above the slow-moving water close to the ground cover.
Why call forest topsoil, precious? Simply, because forests cannot grow again on eroded slopes of the mountains. Soil can be formed again, with the rubbing and crushing action of nature.
It may take thousands and millions of years to cover the rocks with soil. Try making a teaspoon full of soil by rubbing two stones and then imagine how much time nature might have taken to form billions and trillions of tons of soil on the rocky slopes of mountains.
Mirza said, “Topsoil covered with flora is fertile, because the dead leaves that form the covering layer, function as an insulating layer that retains moisture. The moisture favours the growth of Microbes (bacteria and fungi).”
The moist dead leaves below the dried upper insulating layer, get rotten by the soil microbes, which also need solar energy trapped in the biomass of dead leaves. This activity forms the compost for the trees.
The trees get the nutrients from the compost with the help of mycorrhiza or root fungi. The trees cannot live without the help of these microscopic creatures, and the microbes cannot live without decomposing the fallen leaves.
“We all know that during timber harvesting, the roots of the trees are also removed as fuelwood. Uprooting loosens the forest’s fertile soil, which is eroded from the slopes of the mountains, during the first rainfall,” Mirza said.
With that, the soil biodiversity is also lost. The soil biodiversity includes microbes, macroinvertebrates and vertebrates.
Not only do these creatures create nutrients from the dead organic matter of the fallen leaves, but also their mobility increases the porosity of the soil. This enhances the rainwater absorption capacity of that soil.
Woodpeckers make holes in the snags to eat wood borers and to make nests. A snag has many such cavities, which are occupied by several cavity-nesting birds during breeding season.
These holes are also niches of invertebrates, small reptiles and small mammals. Under the wildlife protection Ordinances and Acts of the provinces, it is illegal to destroy the breeding places of wildlife.
In spring and early summer, the insect infestation of forests takes place. The larval stage of insects is harmful to the foliage of the forests.
The breeding season of the cavity-nesting birds coincides with insect infestation. Insectivorous birds and some grainivorous birds as well, feed their nestlings on insect larvae, which constitute a high protein diet for faster growth of the nestlings and fledglings.
The stress of the forest is reduced with the reduction of insect larvae, which are voracious eaters of soft leaves and buds of the forest flora, Therefore, the ecological role of the snags is vital for forest health.
Forests cause rain in the monsoon period. Thermal air currents rise along the southern slopes of the mountains.
As these air currents pass through the forest, evaporation from stomata under the leaves produce cool.
This cool air when it meets the warm and moist monsoon clouds, the phenomenon of rainfall starts.
The streams and tributary rivers of Indus flow. We grow food crops, fruits, vegetables, cotton, livestock, and poultry and our entire living system runs for our happy living. We should thank woodpeckers for making holes in the snags.
The snow lying in a mountain forest melts slowly for the sustainable supply of water to lower ecosystems. Its moisture is absorbed by the soil. There are many more eco-linkages, with many socio-economic benefits.
