Confirmed: Matter can be solid and liquid at same time

Matter takes many shapes, but most of us are familiar with basic three states - solid, liquid, gas.

(Web Desk) – Physicists have discovered several exotic varieties that can exist under extreme temperature and pressure conditions – a new state of physical matter in which atoms can exist as both solid and liquid simultaneously – using a type of artificial intelligence to confirm the existence of a bizarre new state of matter, one in which potassium atoms exhibit properties of both a solid and a liquid at the same time.

Matter takes many shapes, but most of us are familiar with the basic three states - solid, liquid, and gas.

However, applying high pressures and temperatures to potassium – a simple metal – creates a state in which most of the element’s atoms form a solid lattice structure, the findings show. However, the structure also contains a second set of potassium atoms that are in a fluid arrangement.

Experts from the University of Edinburgh believe more than half a dozen other elements – including sodium and bismuth – are capable of existing in this new state.

It was previously unclear if this structure represented its own distinct state of matter.

By simulating the behavior of roughly 20,000 potassium atoms under extreme conditions, the researchers say they’ve confirmed a new, stable state of matter.

Dr Andreas Hermann, of the university’s School of Physics and Astronomy, led the study which is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

He said: ‘Potassium is one of the simplest metals we know, yet if you squeeze it, it forms very complicated structures.

"It would be like holding a sponge filled with water that starts dripping out, except the sponge is also made of water," physicist Andreas Hermann of the University of Edinburgh told Adam Mann at National Geographic.

Potassium is pretty simple. It has a clean, basic crystal lattice structure in its solid form. But when subjected to extreme conditions, strange things can happen to simple metals.

We know, for instance, that the conducting metal sodium becomes an insulator at high pressure. Lithium becomes a superconductor at high pressure and low temperature.

Previous experiments with potassium at high pressure showed that its atoms organise themselves into a complex arrangement - five tubes of atoms in a square formation, four at the corners, and one in the middle; and four chains of atoms bound between them.

When heat is applied, the chains disappear; the researchers called this the "chain-melting transition," thought to occur as the potassium chains transition from an ordered to a disordered state.

To try and figure out why this was happening, in the latest study researchers used powerful computer simulations to observe the behaviour of around 20,000 potassium atoms under extreme conditions.

When the pressure and temperature are high enough - around 2 to 4 Gigapascals - the potassium atoms arranged themselves in interlinked chains and lattices.

The chemical interactions between the lattice atoms are strong, so they remain an ordered solid when a temperature between 400 and 800 Kelvin is applied. But meanwhile, the chains melt into a disordered, liquid state.

The team is calling this new state the "chain-melted phase", and believe it may be able to exist across a range of materials, including sodium and bismuth, under the right conditions - which probably vary from the conditions required to induce the state in potassium.

"Potassium is one of the simplest metals we know, yet if you squeeze it, it forms very complicated structures," Hermann said.

"We have shown that this unusual but stable state is part solid and part liquid. Recreating this unusual state in other materials could have all kinds of applications."

The study was supported by the European Research Council and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and the work was carried out in collaboration with scientists from Xi an Jiantong University in China.

The research is due to be published in PNAS.